Iptables Tutorial 1.2.2
Добавить в закладки К обложке
- Dedications - Страница 2
- About the author - Страница 3
- How to read - Страница 4
- Prerequisites - Страница 5
- Conventions used in this document - Страница 6
- Chapter 1. Introduction - Страница 7
- How it was written - Страница 8
- Terms used in this document - Страница 9
- What's next? - Страница 10
- Chapter 2. TCP/IP repetition - Страница 11
- TCP/IP Layers - Страница 12
- IP characteristics - Страница 14
- IP headers - Страница 16
- TCP characteristics - Страница 19
- TCP headers - Страница 20
- UDP characteristics - Страница 22
- UDP headers - Страница 23
- ICMP characteristics - Страница 24
- ICMP headers - Страница 25
- ICMP Echo Request/Reply - Страница 26
- ICMP Destination Unreachable - Страница 27
- Source Quench - Страница 28
- Redirect - Страница 29
- TTL equals 0 - Страница 30
- Parameter problem - Страница 31
- Timestamp request/reply - Страница 32
- Information request/reply - Страница 33
- SCTP Characteristics - Страница 34
- Initialization and association - Страница 35
- Data sending and control session - Страница 36
- Shutdown and abort - Страница 37
- SCTP Headers - Страница 38
- SCTP Generic header format - Страница 39
- SCTP Common and generic headers - Страница 40
- SCTP ABORT chunk - Страница 42
- SCTP COOKIE ACK chunk - Страница 43
- SCTP COOKIE ECHO chunk - Страница 44
- SCTP DATA chunk - Страница 45
- SCTP ERROR chunk - Страница 46
- SCTP HEARTBEAT chunk - Страница 47
- SCTP HEARTBEAT ACK chunk - Страница 48
- SCTP INIT chunk - Страница 49
- SCTP INIT ACK chunk - Страница 51
- SCTP SACK chunk - Страница 52
- SCTP SHUTDOWN chunk - Страница 53
- SCTP SHUTDOWN ACK chunk - Страница 54
- SCTP SHUTDOWN COMPLETE chunk - Страница 55
- TCP/IP destination driven routing - Страница 56
- What's next? - Страница 57
- Chapter 3. IP filtering introduction - Страница 58
- What is an IP filter - Страница 59
- IP filtering terms and expressions - Страница 61
- How to plan an IP filter - Страница 63
- What's next? - Страница 65
- Chapter 4. Network Address Translation Introduction - Страница 66
- What NAT is used for and basic terms and expressions - Страница 67
- Caveats using NAT - Страница 68
- Example NAT machine in theory - Страница 69
- What is needed to build a NAT machine - Страница 70
- Placement of NAT machines - Страница 71
- How to place proxies - Страница 72
- The final stage of our NAT machine - Страница 73
- What's next? - Страница 74
- Chapter 5. Preparations - Страница 75
- Where to get iptables - Страница 76
- Kernel setup - Страница 77
- User-land setup - Страница 80
- Compiling the user-land applications - Страница 81
- Installation on Red Hat 7.1 - Страница 82
- What's next? - Страница 84
- Chapter 6. Traversing of tables and chains - Страница 85
- General - Страница 86
- Mangle table - Страница 89
- Nat table - Страница 90
- Raw table - Страница 91
- Filter table - Страница 92
- User specified chains - Страница 93
- What's next? - Страница 94
- Chapter 7. The state machine - Страница 95
- Introduction - Страница 96
- The conntrack entries - Страница 97
- User-land states - Страница 99
- TCP connections - Страница 100
- UDP connections - Страница 102
- ICMP connections - Страница 103
- Default connections - Страница 105
- Untracked connections and the raw table - Страница 106
- Complex protocols and connection tracking - Страница 107
- What's next? - Страница 109
- Chapter 8. Saving and restoring large rule-sets - Страница 110
- Speed considerations - Страница 111
- Drawbacks with restore - Страница 112
- iptables-save - Страница 113
- iptables-restore - Страница 115
- What's next? - Страница 116
- Chapter 9. How a rule is built - Страница 117
- Basics of the iptables command - Страница 118
- Tables - Страница 119
- Commands - Страница 120
- What's next? - Страница 122
- Chapter 10. Iptables matches - Страница 123
- Generic matches - Страница 124
- Implicit matches - Страница 125
- TCP matches - Страница 126
- UDP matches - Страница 127
- ICMP matches - Страница 128
- SCTP matches - Страница 129
- Explicit matches - Страница 131
- Addrtype match - Страница 132
- AH/ESP match - Страница 133
- Comment match - Страница 134
- Connmark match - Страница 135
- Conntrack match - Страница 136
- Dscp match - Страница 137
- Ecn match - Страница 138
- Hashlimit match - Страница 139
- Helper match - Страница 140
- IP range match - Страница 141
- Length match - Страница 142
- Limit match - Страница 143
- Mac match - Страница 144
- Mark match - Страница 145
- Multiport match - Страница 146
- Owner match - Страница 147
- Packet type match - Страница 148
- Realm match - Страница 149
- Recent match - Страница 150
- State match - Страница 152
- Tcpmss match - Страница 153
- Tos match - Страница 154
- Ttl match - Страница 155
- Unclean match - Страница 156
- What's next? - Страница 157
- Chapter 11. Iptables targets and jumps - Страница 158
- ACCEPT target - Страница 159
- CLASSIFY target - Страница 160
- CLUSTERIP target - Страница 161
- CONNMARK target - Страница 163
- CONNSECMARK target - Страница 164
- DNAT target - Страница 165
- DROP target - Страница 168
- DSCP target - Страница 169
- ECN target - Страница 170
- LOG target options - Страница 171
- MARK target - Страница 172
- MASQUERADE target - Страница 173
- MIRROR target - Страница 174
- NETMAP target - Страница 175
- NFQUEUE target - Страница 176
- NOTRACK target - Страница 177
- QUEUE target - Страница 178
- REDIRECT target - Страница 179
- REJECT target - Страница 180
- RETURN target - Страница 181
- SAME target - Страница 182
- SECMARK target - Страница 183
- SNAT target - Страница 184
- TCPMSS target - Страница 185
- TOS target - Страница 186
- TTL target - Страница 187
- ULOG target - Страница 188
- What's next? - Страница 189
- Chapter 12. Debugging your scripts - Страница 190
- Debugging, a necessity - Страница 191
- Bash debugging tips - Страница 192
- System tools used for debugging - Страница 194
- Iptables debugging - Страница 195
- Other debugging tools - Страница 196
- Nmap - Страница 197
- Nessus - Страница 198
- What's next? - Страница 199
- Chapter 13. rc.firewall file - Страница 200
- example rc.firewall - Страница 201
- explanation of rc.firewall - Страница 202
- Initial loading of extra modules - Страница 203
- proc set up - Страница 205
- Displacement of rules to different chains - Страница 206
- Setting up default policies - Страница 208
- Setting up user specified chains in the filter table - Страница 209
- INPUT chain - Страница 212
- FORWARD chain - Страница 214
- OUTPUT chain - Страница 215
- PREROUTING chain of the nat table - Страница 216
- Starting SNAT and the POSTROUTING chain - Страница 217
- What's next? - Страница 218
- Chapter 14. Example scripts - Страница 219
- rc.firewall.txt script structure - Страница 220
- The structure - Страница 221
- rc.firewall.txt - Страница 224
- rc.DMZ.firewall.txt - Страница 225
- rc.DHCP.firewall.txt - Страница 226
- rc.UTIN.firewall.txt - Страница 228
- rc.test-iptables.txt - Страница 229
- rc.flush-iptables.txt - Страница 230
- Limit-match.txt - Страница 231
- Pid-owner.txt - Страница 232
- Recent-match.txt - Страница 233
- Sid-owner.txt - Страница 234
- Ttl-inc.txt - Страница 235
- Iptables-save ruleset - Страница 236
- What's next? - Страница 237
- Chapter 15. Graphical User Interfaces for Iptables/netfilter - Страница 238
- fwbuilder - Страница 239
- Turtle Firewall Project - Страница 240
- Integrated Secure Communications System - Страница 241
- IPMenu - Страница 242
- Easy Firewall Generator - Страница 243
- What's next? - Страница 244
- Chapter 16. Commercial products based on Linux, iptables and netfilter - Страница 245
- Ingate Firewall 1200 - Страница 246
- What's next? - Страница 247
- Appendix A. Detailed explanations of special commands - Страница 248
- Listing your active rule-set - Страница 249
- Updating and flushing your tables - Страница 250
- Appendix B. Common problems and questions - Страница 251
- Problems loading modules - Страница 252
- State NEW packets but no SYN bit set - Страница 253
- SYN/ACK and NEW packets - Страница 254
- Internet Service Providers who use assigned IP addresses - Страница 255
- Letting DHCP requests through iptables - Страница 256
- mIRC DCC problems - Страница 257
- Appendix C. ICMP types - Страница 258
- Appendix D. TCP options - Страница 259
- Appendix E. Other resources and links - Страница 260
- Appendix F. Acknowledgments - Страница 264
- Appendix G. History - Страница 265
- Appendix H. GNU Free Documentation License - Страница 267
- 0. PREAMBLE - Страница 268
- 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS - Страница 269
- 2. VERBATIM COPYING - Страница 270
- 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY - Страница 271
- 4. MODIFICATIONS - Страница 272
- 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS - Страница 274
- 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS - Страница 275
- 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS - Страница 276
- 8. TRANSLATION - Страница 277
- 9. TERMINATION - Страница 278
- 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE - Страница 279
- How to use this License for your documents - Страница 280
- Appendix I. GNU General Public License - Страница 281
- 0. Preamble - Страница 282
- 1. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION - Страница 283
- 2. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs - Страница 286
- Appendix J. Example scripts code-base - Страница 287
- Example rc.firewall script - Страница 288
- Example rc.DMZ.firewall script - Страница 291
- Example rc.UTIN.firewall script - Страница 294
- Example rc.DHCP.firewall script - Страница 297
- Example rc.flush-iptables script - Страница 300
- Example rc.test-iptables script - Страница 301
- Index - Страница 302
- A - Страница 306
- B - Страница 307
- C - Страница 308
- D - Страница 312
- E - Страница 315
- F - Страница 318
- G - Страница 319
- H - Страница 320
- I - Страница 321
- J - Страница 325
- K - Страница 326
- L - Страница 327
- M - Страница 328
- N - Страница 331
- O - Страница 332
- P - Страница 333
- Q - Страница 335
- R - Страница 336
- S - Страница 339
- T - Страница 347
- U - Страница 352
- V - Страница 354
- W - Страница 355
- X - Страница 356
Compiling the user-land applications
First of all unpack the iptables package. Here, we have used the iptables 1.2.6a package and a vanilla 2.4 kernel. Unpack as usual, using bzip2 -cd iptables-1.2.6a.tar.bz2 | tar -xvf - (this can also be accomplished with the tar -xjvf iptables-1.2.6a.tar.bz2, which should do pretty much the same as the first command. However, this may not work with older versions of tar). The package should now be unpacked properly into a directory named iptables-1.2.6a. For more information read the iptables-1.2.6a/INSTALL file which contains pretty good information on compiling and getting the program to run.
After this, there you have the option of configuring and installing extra modules and options etcetera for the kernel.The step described here will only check and install standard patches that are pending for inclusion to the kernel, there are some even more experimental patches further along, which may only be available when you carry out other steps.
Note Some of these patches are highly experimental and may not be such a good idea to install them. However, there are heaps of extremely interesting matches and targets in this installation step so don't be afraid of at least looking at them.
To carry out this step we do something like this from the root of the iptables package:
make pending-patches KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/linux/
The variable KERNEL_DIR should point to the actual place that your kernel source is located at. Normally this should be /usr/src/linux/ but this may vary, and most probably you will know yourself where the kernel source is available.
The above command only asks about certain patches that are just about to enter the kernel anyway. There might be more patches and additions that the developers of Netfilter are about to add to the kernel, but is a bit further away from actually getting there. One way to install these is by doing the following:
make most-of-pom KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/linux/
The above command would ask about installing parts of what in Netfilter world is called patch-o-matic, but still skip the most extreme patches that might cause havoc in your kernel. Note that we say ask, because that's what these commands actually do. They ask you before anything is changed in the kernel source. To be able to install all of the patch-o-matic stuff you will need to run the following command:
make patch-o-matic KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/linux/
Don't forget to read the help for each patch thoroughly before doing anything. Some patches will destroy other patches while others may destroy your kernel if used together with some patches from patch-o-matic etc.
Note You may totally ignore the above steps if you don't want to patch your kernel, it is in other words not necessary to do the above. However, there are some really interesting things in the patch-o-matic that you may want to look at so there's nothing bad in just running the commands and see what they contain.
After this you are finished doing the patch-o-matic parts of installation, you may now compile a new kernel making use of the new patches that you have added to the source. Don't forget to configure the kernel again since the new patches probably are not added to the configured options. You may wait with the kernel compilation until after the compilation of the user-land program iptables if you feel like it, though.
Continue by compiling the iptables user-land application. To compile iptables you issue a simple command that looks like this:
make KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/linux/
The user-land application should now compile properly. If not, you are on your own, or you could subscribe to the Netfilter mailing list, where you have the chance of asking for help with your problems. There are a few things that might go wrong with the installation of iptables, so don't panic if it won't work. Try to think logically about it and find out what's wrong, or get someone to help you.
If everything has worked smoothly, you're ready to install the binaries by now. To do this, you would issue the following command to install them:
make install KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/linux/
Hopefully everything should work in the program now. To use any of the changes in the iptables user-land applications you should now recompile and reinstall your kernel and modules, if you hadn't done so before. For more information about installing the user-land applications from source, check the INSTALL file in the source which contains excellent information on the subject of installation.
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
- 155
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
- 185
- 186
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
- 192
- 193
- 194
- 195
- 196
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
- 215
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
- 243
- 244
- 245
- 246
- 247
- 248
- 249
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
- 261
- 262
- 263
- 264
- 265
- 266
- 267
- 268
- 269
- 270
- 271
- 272
- 273
- 274
- 275
- 276
- 277
- 278
- 279
- 280
- 281
- 282
- 283
- 284
- 285
- 286
- 287
- 288
- 289
- 290
- 291
- 292
- 293
- 294
- 295
- 296
- 297
- 298
- 299
- 300
- 301
- 302
- 303
- 304
- 305
- 306
- 307
- 308
- 309
- 310
- 311
- 312
- 313
- 314
- 315
- 316
- 317
- 318
- 319
- 320
- 321
- 322
- 323
- 324
- 325
- 326
- 327
- 328
- 329
- 330
- 331
- 332
- 333
- 334
- 335
- 336
- 337
- 338
- 339
- 340
- 341
- 342
- 343
- 344
- 345
- 346
- 347
- 348
- 349
- 350
- 351
- 352
- 353
- 354
- 355
- 356